Selected problems in the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control--an appraisal with proposed solutions. A special communication.

The purposes of this communication are 1) to call attention to several problematic issues related to the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control and 2) to consider strategies for correcting existing problems and averting additional problems in the future. Specific problems within two general areas of difficulty are identified, and proposed solutions to these problems are presented. It is hoped that discussion of these issues will encourage comment and debate, bring about further objective and critical evaluation of the effectiveness and value of TENS for pain control, and lead to a clearer understanding of the responsibilities of manufacturers and users of this therapeutic modality.